{"id":2386,"date":"2008-11-18T13:06:20","date_gmt":"2008-11-18T09:06:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geoeconomics.ge\/en\/?p=2386"},"modified":"2013-03-18T13:07:07","modified_gmt":"2013-03-18T09:07:07","slug":"bank-crisis-in-the-world-and-georgia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/geoeconomics.ge\/en\/?p=2386","title":{"rendered":"Bank Crisis in the World and Georgia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maka Ganiashvili <\/strong><\/p>\n

Is Free Market Economic Theory Guilty in the Global Financial Crisis or Not?<\/p>\n

While estimating existing financial crisis in the world, famous financier George Soros calls on the governments to understand that the markets can\u2019t regulate themselves and it is necessary to increase the state regulation. The former leader of USA\u2019s Federal Bank, Alan Greenspen considers that \u201cDisorder of Bank\u2019s Self-Regulation principle is impossible. Market must be survived still by the rule of self-regulation and it is not necessary from the government to receive additional regulative measures\u201d. By the way, a big depression began with the exchange crisis and it became catastrophe because the president of the USA wanted to interfere and regulate this situation. This ended with a catastrophe then, but now?
\n Economic view is changing radically in the world and as a rule, it usually happens during the big and serious crisis. For example, before the 70s, John Kanes\u2019s approach to the economic management was very popular in the world. It supported management regulation of economic processes from the side of state. After 70s, when regulatory conception was considered as a non-effective, free markets theory became popular and massive privatization of state property began in Europe. The leaders and experts of the World Bank, Monetary Fund and other International Financial Institutes always prefer Free Market, in their recommendations privatization of state property and facilitation of markets\u2019 regulation were directly indicated. Similar recommendations were not strange for Georgia too. But what is happening now? Maybe it\u2019s a new phenomenon and modern market is free, but is it still regulating? Maybe it\u2019s nonsense, but it\u2019s like this, now we can call the world economy and of course the market of Georgia as a \u201cFree-Regulating Market\u201d.
\n Financial crisis existing in the whole world pushed the governments to increase their duties and responsibilities. Processes are developed in such a way, that the state still becomes an important player on the financial markets \u2013 the asset of Europe\u2019s several largest financial companies were bought by the state, this is also foreseen by the USA\u2019s 700 billion plan. So the state actively interferes in the financial market and still directs to the rule of regulation. This already has a massive character, which changes the picture of the world economy. If the state departments manage to survive financial institutions in this way and the bank crisis is surmounted, then it is logical, that regulating economic theory will become still popular in the world economy. But if the bank crisis is not avoided, maybe more compromise version will win, because neither free economic theory has remained its popularity. Fundamental elucidation of these issues is very important for such a developing country as Georgia. During the last 15 years Georgia is trying to build market economy and besides similar to the west and also it is trying to create regulating service. Moreover, Georgian government made an unprecedented decision and appointed Robert Kristiansen \u2013 a former representative of the International Monetary Fund and the citizen of foreign country \u2013 for the position of chairman of the Financial Supervision Council. According to the new legislation, Financial Supervision Agency is responsible to give licenses for the commercial banks and other participants of financial sector. After receiving the license, every company is under submission of the Financial Supervision Agency\u2019s Monitoring. During the monitoring process financial companies are obliged to maintain all the rules and demands established by the Agency.
\n One more novelty, which will be soon inculcated in Georgian Banking System, is the transition to the management scheme of \u201cBazel II\u201d. From 2009 European Banks have to move to the new system of risk management, which\u2019s demands are formed in the agreement of \u201cBazel II\u201d. \u201cBazel II\u201d, which represents the recommendations of banking Supervision\u2019s Bazel committee, was published in June 2004 and after that many countries began to move its own banking supervision regulation to these new principles. The aim of Bazel Committee is to realize the supervision of banking sector; its main task is to make closer banking legislation of the countries in order to make easier for different countries to cooperate to each other. \u201cBazel II\u201d contains modern and improved approaches as in financial also in regulating and Supervision sphere. According to the Financial Stability Institute, until 2015 nearly 95 state regulator will accomplish the recommendations of \u201cBazel II\u201d. According to the estimation of experts, existing \u201cBazel II\u201d in comparison with \u201cBazel I\u201d is more profitable system for the supervision and management of the banking sphere, moreover in the conditions of modern global financial crisis and danger. According to the National Bank, transition of Georgia\u2019s banking system to \u201cBazel II\u201d, which will be accomplished by 2011, is necessary for the improvement and stability of management of banking system.
\n Besides, according to the International standards of foreign sector\u2019s statistics with the aim of registration, from January of 2009 National Bank is planning to inculcate ITRS – the system of gethering information. The mentioned system means to gether data in the section of taxation balance operations with the help of banking system. Connected to the above mentioned issues, the meeting was held in the National Bank of Georgia, where Davit Amaglobeli \u2013 the president\u2019s obligation executor of the National bank of Georgia, leader of several structural unit of National Bank, Natalia Ivanik – regional adviser of International Monetary Fund (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan) and representatives of the Commercial Banks took part. On the meeting the advantages of ITRS system\u2019s usage and technical issues of its insculcation were discussed. They decided to create a working group in the National Bank with participating of representatives of Commercial Banks. The main task of working group is to discuss and improve the design of statical information gathering system worked out by the National Bank, in order to foresee the demands of Commercial Banks as for data also from the technical characteristics point of view. Working of this group will last for 4 weeks. The first one-week experimental research with new system is planned to carry out in July.
\n However, before we continue speaking about Banking System of Georgia, let\u2019s review shortly current processes in the world. <\/p>\n

Banking Crisis in the USA
\n Banking crisis has covered several segments of financial markets in the United States. Banking crisis had an influence mostly on the monetary market. Percentage rate of LIBOR (Percentage rate shown in dollars on inter-bank credit) and EURLIBOR (percentage rate shown in Euro on inter-bank credit) has greatly increased. Differences between Federal Banking Basis Percentage Rate of the USA and LIBOR reached the highest symbol -160 point – after 2001. This was a signal that there is a starvation of credit resources in the world and banks are trying to protect themselves from worsening liquid. This was proved on the credit auction held by the European Central Bank where demand of Commercial Banks was 150 billion Euros on the financial resources and only 50 billion was offered. Credit Default Swap rate fell, (agreement, when in the case of Default credit obligation moves from one person to another) because demand on it greatly decreased for high credit risks. Federal Bank is going to reduce again basic percentage rate of the country to guarantee cheap credit distribution for the banks. Today the percentage rate is 2% and supposedly it will still reduce. Maybe assignation of 700 billion dollars resources will be proved. <\/p>\n

Banking Crisis in Europe
\n Banking crisis of the USA acquired the face of the world banking crisis. On the summit held on October 14-15, the leaders of the 27 member states of EU supported to hold International Summit on the issue of the world crisis. Jose Manuel Barroso, the chairman of the European Commission declared that all the leading countries must be represented on this summit – not only EU and USA, because current crisis has touched all states of the world. 9 persons will be the members of the working group, who will study the problems standing before the EU and the ways to solve them. The leader of the Commission will be Philip Gonsales – a former Prime Minister of Spain. This idea was divulged by Nicolas Sarkozy \u2013 the president of France: \u201cSo- called Wise Council must create the plan of future development of Europe, which is experiencing ideological crisis at the moment. It\u2019s already time to receive a new \u201cBreton-Woods\u201d.
\n Nearly every member country of EU, besides common measures, is carrying out its own financial helping program to save economy. FORTIS, the largest financial company of Belgium, had the problems of liquid after its shares fell by 35%. The governments of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg assigned 11.2 billion Euros to save the company from Bankrupt. Though, it is only the beginning, because the problems were also created for \u201cDEXIA SA\u201d – the second largest credit company – which\u2019s stock was depreciated by 30%. In order to save it, the government of Belgium assigned 6.4 billion Euros. Great Britain will assign 500 billion pound sterling to support economy. The government of Great Britain also had to save Bradford & Bingley Plc Bank and in Germany financial problems were created for Hypo Real Estate Holding AG – the company working in the estate sector. Besides, the government of Germany will soon assert the plan about saving country\u2019s economy. According to it financial sector of Germany should receive 470 billion Euros, from where 70 billion euros will be spent for liquid improvement as in State also in Private Banks, and 400 billion euros will be assigned for state investment. But the government of Iceland had to make nationalization of all banks.
\n Russia
\n There is an absolute collapse in Russia. Here the loss of common market cost was 74% and according to BBC 25 Russian oligarchs lost 200 billion dollars, among them only Derpaska lost 17 billion and Abramovich \u2013 20 billion. It is said that Putin has also been damaged greatly. Supposedly Russian business elite can\u2019t forgive this fact to Putin, because finally country lost more then 400 billion. Maybe all these facts will become the base of financial-political disorganization of Russia to the concrete stage. Current war in Ingushetia proves this fact. According to the experts Russia has no chance to go out from this collapse yet.
\n Deep global financial crisis has a direct influence on the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Soviet Union. Georgia in not an exception in this chain, moreover developed events of August in our country are added to the global financial crisis.
\n What is happening in Banking System of Georgia?
\n There are 22 banks in Georgia, among them 16 with the participation of foreign capital. During the last months 2 big banks were added to Georgia and soon the third bank will set in motion, in all these three cases foreign capital is leader. New players of Georgia\u2019s Banking System are:
\n \u00b7 KOR BANK \u2013 which was already given a licence by National Bank of Georgia to realize Banking Sevice in Georgia. This bank represents \u201cAbu Dape\u201d – the united Arabic investment group. \u201cAbu Dape\u201d bought \u201cThe Standard Bank\u201d from the private investment group (Salford Capital) in March 2008. According to the statement of Salford Capital\u2019s representatives, they sold 100% share of \u201cStandard Bank\u201d to the Arab investor. The buyer, as we have already mentioned is the KOR BANK. Details of negotiations are not divulged, but according to some information Arab investor paid 70 million GEL for \u201cStandard Bank\u201d
\n \u00b7 HSBC \u2013 Georgia is the 85th country, where HSBC – one of the most powerful and oldest bank of England opens its representation. HSBC has nearly 10000 branches in the countries of Europe, Asia-Pacific Ocean Pond, America, Near East and Africa. According to the data of June 2008 bank possesses 2,547 billion USD capital. And what about Georgia? \u2013 Bank started functioning in summer 2008 with 23,9 million GEL capital. Besides foreign experiance and service quality, bank also offers all existing services to the Georgian cusomers, as for phisical aslo for commercial person. Percentage Rate is established by HSBC according to the existing conditions and demands on the financial market of Georgia. The main things that HSBC offers to its customers are the high quality of confidence, guarantee of protection and availability on the International Banking System.
\n \u00b7 Khalyk Bank Georgia \u2013 which will start its functioning soon is the 22th commercial bank in Georgia. The owner of the bank is \u201cKhalyk Bank\u201d – one of the biggest Kazakhstan\u2019s bank. It was founded in 1923 as a reserving bank, then it was functioning as a branch of Soviet Union\u2019s reserving bank in Kazakhstan. After the Soviet Union its reorganization was held and it became reserving bank of Kazakhstan. In 1996-2001 privatization of bank was made. According to the asset it is the third bank of Kazahkstan and has its representations in Moscow, Beijing and London.
\n And what about other banks? The leaders of the banking sector of Georgia are three: \u201cBank of Georgia, \u201cTBC Bank\u201d and \u201cBank Republic\u201d. After the events in August banking system of Georgia found out in a difficult situation. Before the war between Russia-Georgia asset of bank capital came basiclly to the estate and hipotecal credit. A great part of attrected source composed deposits of the population and arrived money from the west. Besides Russian and Kazakhstan capital had a basic place in the bank sphere. As a Russian also a big part of Kazakh asset left Georgia after the war in August, this was followed by carrying out a great deal of population deposits by the physical persons. After the war according to the data of August, population and juridical persons carried out 400 million GEL from the commercial banks and the asset of commercial banks reduced by 700 million GEL in August. In September deposits of physical persons decreased by 2 million GEL. In 2008 from January till September bank sector demaged totally by 37 million GEL. This loss was caused by money transfering in the loan possible loss reserve, though this doesn\u2019t mean directly money loss and as soon as credit returns reserved money will return to the bank.
\n As we can see deposits were reduced mostly in the banks. If before the war physical persons kept 1.8 billion GEL in the banks, after the war this figure reduced to 1.5 billion. The next great loss was experienced in the credit investment, which is natural, because during this period of time loan covering was going on, but lending had been stopped. Wholly credit investment reduced nearly by150 million GEL. Let\u2019s return to the deposit sum, as we have already mentioned, the whole deposit was reduced by more than 400 million GEL, from there 300 million is the result of deposit reduction of physical persons, but borrowed money, which represents attracted money from financial companies and foreign banks, is hardly reduced. The rest of 100 million is the result of deposit reduction of juridical persons. It\u2019s seen in the tables how much was reduced the asset as for the Bank of Georgia, also for \u201cTBC Bank\u201d, which had hardly overstepped 2 billion level for several months and after the war it fell from this level again.
\n In spite of the fact that 700 million has left the bank sector, the problems of bank liquid were not brought to light as it happened in the USA. Experts explain this fact as if the banks themselves were ready quite effectively: there were not problems of money deficiency in the cashbox; current asset ratio with current obligations was on the satisfactory level; National Bank was ready to lend money to other banks if any serious problem arises. It really happened so, National Bank lent money to some commercial banks, but it was not on the widest scale. Besides for helping Georgia billion of foreign currency is entering, which means that this money will reach the place of destination with the help of banks. Of course, this fact will create money resources for the banks and remove the liquid problem temporarily. On October 22 on the Donor International Conference, donors assigned 4.5 billion dollars for Georgia.
\n Besides Georgian National Bank and European Bank also OPIC – International private investment corporation has helped bank crisis, which wholly has assigned 80 million USD for bank system of Georgia. Robert Mosbakher \u2013 president and chief executive person of OPIC was in Tbilisi with tarding delegation of USA. This delegation visited Georiga on October 25-28 under the leadership of John Salivan \u2013 the chairman of USA\u2019s Economic Secretary. On the Business summit seven new projects of OPIC were officially declared, that foresee assignation of 176 million USD for Georgia. The new project of OPIC contains 4 sectors in Georgia \u2013 Finances, Construction, Tourism and Industry. On the ceremony held on forum, Mosbakher signed contracts connected to several projects. Among them there were the contracts about assigned money for Georgia\u2019s largest banks – \u201cTBC Bank\u201d and \u201cBank of Georgia\u201d: OPIC will give 40 million USD to \u201cTBC Bank\u201d. In this way the bank will have possibility to increse giving the hypothec loan for house construction. This money will be basically used for low and everage income hipothec loans. According to the announcement of \u201cTBC Bank \u201c: \u201cincluding this transaction, during 2008 financial resources of 250 million USD has already been attracted from foreign financial Institutes by \u201cTBC Bank\u201d. A new credit line will give opportunity for \u201cTBC Bank\u201d to strengthen financing as for physical, also for corporative clients\u201d.
\n \u201cBank of Georgia\u201d will aslo receive 40 million credit line from \u201cOPIC\u201d, aslo for hypothec loans. This will happen together with \u201cWorld Business Capital\u201d, which is the creditor of USA\u2019s minor business.<\/p>\n

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