{"id":12596,"date":"2020-02-25T11:24:29","date_gmt":"2020-02-25T11:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geoeconomics.ge\/?p=12596"},"modified":"2020-02-25T11:24:29","modified_gmt":"2020-02-25T11:24:29","slug":"%e1%83%a9%e1%83%a0%e1%83%93%e1%83%98%e1%83%9a%e1%83%9d%e1%83%95%e1%83%90%e1%83%9c%e1%83%98-%e1%83%94%e1%83%99%e1%83%9d%e1%83%9c%e1%83%9d%e1%83%9b%e1%83%98%e1%83%99%e1%83%90%e1%83%a0%e1%83%9d%e1%83%92","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoeconomics.ge\/?p=12596","title":{"rendered":"\u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0,\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0<br \/>\n<em>\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4 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The results published on the IMF website are discussed. A review of the 2006 and 2018 papers by Kepler University Professor of Economics Friedrich Schneider is presented, which includes an analysis of the method and results. This article briefly but clearly discusses the causes of shadow economy. After reading the stats, the reader will have an idea of the essence of shadow economy, its nature, the methodology used in its calculation, and the reasons for its existence. 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\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8.<\/p>\n<p>\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d0 145 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\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0) \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1: \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 (\u10db\u10e8\u10de% \u2013\u10e8\u10d8), \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8; \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8, Heritage Foundation, 2005), \u10e3\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10dd\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e8\u10de \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 &#8220;\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8&#8221; \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10dd\u10e2\u10e1 (\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 18-\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 64 \u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8,\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 %-\u10e8\u10d8), \u10db\u10e8\u10de-\u10e1 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4. OECD- \u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1: \u10e1\u10dd\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8.<br \/>\n\u10db\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1 \u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10ea\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e8\u10e2\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1,\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10ea(\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8,\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10dd \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4).\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d8\u10e1 25 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10dd \u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 38.1% -\u10e1 1999\/2000 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 40.1% 2002\/2003 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d5\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7 \u10d0\u10db 4 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 2 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e3\u10dc\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 68.0%, 61.3% \u10d3\u10d0 54.7%. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10ea \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10dd 39,1% \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 37.4%. \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4  \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 20.1%, \u10e1\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 20.2% \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 26.2% \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10e8\u10de\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc .<\/p>\n<p>\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d7 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee \u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10da\u10d4\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 2018 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8: \u201e\u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8: \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd 20 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8?\u201c.IMF-\u10d8\u10e1(International Monetary Fund) \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 1991 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 2015 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 158 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7. \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d6\u10d8\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d5\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10dd \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 64.9%-\u10d8\u10d0. \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e8\u10e8-\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8  \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0.1991-2015 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10db\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0. \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d8\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 2015 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 53%-\u10d8\u10d0 .<\/p>\n<p>IMF-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10ef\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e2\u10dd \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10ef\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1. \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0.\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 : \u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0 (CDA-Currency Demand Approach) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8 (MIMIC-Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes ) \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d8\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e0\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0.\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10db\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.<\/p>\n<p>\u10da\u10d4\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee \u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 GDP-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1, \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p>\n<p>IMF-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4. \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db  \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10e1. \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7. \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4 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\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<\/p>\n<p>\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0. \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0, \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3,  \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10ee\u10e0\u10e3\u10ed\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.\u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10dd\u10da\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u10e8\u10d4\u10ef\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/strong><br \/>\n\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10e4\u10d8\u10dd \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d0 \u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d3.\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d5\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10db\u10d0.\u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10eb\u10e6\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10d6\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7. \u10d0\u10db \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3, \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>\u201eShadow Economies and Corruption All Over the World: What Do We Really Know?\u201c Friedrich Schneider<br \/>\n\u201eShadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?\u201c Leandro Medina, Friedrich Schneider<br \/>\n\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8 \u201e\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u201c. \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 32 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0.\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<br \/>\n\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6 \u10ef\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u201e\u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u201c<br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/netgazeti.ge\/news\/264511\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">netgazeti.ge<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/commersant.ge\/ge\/post\/sagangasho-statistika-chrdilovani-ekonomikis-wili-qartul-ekonomikashi-65-ia\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">commersant.ge<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/kvira.ge\/533392\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">kvira.ge<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/316845895_chrdilovani_ekonomikis_gamomtsvevi_mizezebi\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">www.researchgate.net<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WP\/Issues\/2018\/01\/25\/Shadow-Economies-Around-the-World-What-Did-We-Learn-Over-the-Last-20-Years-45583\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">www.imf.org<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp2315.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ftp.iza.org<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/econ.wikireading.ru\/27040\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">econ.wikireading.ru<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4 \u10ef\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4-3 \u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8 irakli.gaxaria8@gmail.com \u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12597,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[120,13],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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